The Social Contract Theory Since The United States

For this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. Contemporary study of neoliberalism and neo-conservatism as in the analysis of Wendy Brown (2006) or of political deliberation and deliberative democracy in the writing of Simone Chambers (2009) is a dynamic consequences of that basic concepts of democracy from the past. During its development, democracy has been falling-up. It is a way out for the improvement of human civilization and universal humanism, but democracy also contains a paradox per se. Overall the nature and dynamics of such democracy remains a never-ending study case for the scholars. This discussion is also part of efforts to respond to that paradoxical nature of democracy. Social Contract Theory If we look at the beginning part of US Constitution, this sentence raises question: â€Å"We the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our prosperity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America† (Independence Hall Association, 2013b). Being started by the word „WEâ€Å", in my opinion, makes the point clear in two senses. First, the Framers of the Constitution realized the notion of social contract as the very nature of being a nation-state as emerged in the thinking of modernShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of John Stuart Mill s Veil Of Ignorance And The Classic Social Contract Theory Essay1399 Words   |  6 Pagesprompt one of the week three Justice Theory essay assignment, and yields an evaluation through considering various internal and external materials from weeks one through three. Accordingly, the organization of this exp loration concentrates on three areas of focus. First, this paper seeks to explain how the modern social contract theorist, John Rawls’, attempts to enhance the classic utilitarian views of John Stuart Mill, as well as the classic social contract theories of Thomas Hobbes and Jean JacquesRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1140 Words   |  5 Pagescritical issue on which they disagreed was on the nature of rights. In Hobbes’ view, people have no natural or inherent rights, and that in a state of nature, people would have no obligation to respect the rights of others. As a result, Hobbes argues that rights descend from a social contract: people have no incentive to respect the rights of others in a state of nature, so a government must intervene and prevent members of society from harming the freedom of others; therefore, the government is grantingRead MoreEssay about The Criticism of Social Contract Theories1232 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Tatum Schneidmiller Justice Theory Assignment #1 Ward Churchills criticism of social contract theory clearly applies to classic social contract theories that we discussed.   However, Rawls adds the veil of ignorance concept to his more modern social contract theory.   A) Explain the basics of Rawls and Churchills arguments and how they each criticize classic social contract theories.   B) Discuss whether or not Churchills argument applies to Rawls modification and explain how and why it doesRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1137 Words   |  5 Pagesone critical issue on which they disagreed was on the nature of rights. In Hobbes’ view, people have no natural or inherent rights, and that in a state of nature, people would have no obligation to respect the rights of others. As a result, Hobbes argues that rights descend from a social contract: because the rights of others are not respected in a state of nature, a government steps in and prevents members of society from harming the freedom of others; therefore, right s are granted by the governmentRead MoreEssay about Social Contract Theory1429 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause our current state of affairs, however twisted and convoluted it may be, has been determined as a norm, and agreed to by a majority. In the following pages I will show how modern social contract theory, especially that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, grew into the divisive issue it is in contemporary political philosophy. I will do so by briefly unpacking the recent history of social contract theory and why it is a source of political divide today. Modern social contract theory can trace itsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1659 Words   |  7 Pagescurrent state of affairs has been determined as a norm and agreed to by a majority. The following pages show how modern social contract theory especially that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, grew into the divisive issue it is in contemporary political philosophy. Modern social contract theory can trace its roots to prominent thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. It is their thoughts on social contracts that lie at the center of the many spheres we are a part of. For Hobbes and Locke, social contractRead MoreUrsury Laws Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesConsequentialism and the social contract theory can provide similar viewpoints on this issue. Each one provides strengths and weaknesses in regards to these laws. Usury laws are regulations governing the amount of interest that can be charged on a loan. They specifically target the practice of charging excessively high rates on loans by setting caps on the maximum amount of interest that can be levied. These laws are designed to protect consumers. Consequentialism is the normative ethical theory that says thatRead MoreEvolution and the Modern Social Contract Theory : Essay Outline1050 Words   |  5 PagesThe Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Outline POLS 14033 – Political Ideas and Ideologies The Emergence of the Modern Social Contract Theory Essay Question: Firstly, in this essay, we will describe and analyze the various concepts of the evolution and emergence of the modern social contract theory thru the analysis of several of its key political thinkers. We will provide a detailed review of the concepts that have developed and that were crucial for theRead MoreAmerican Values in the Declaration of Independence Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagessemi-unified country signed one of the most important documents in history. Since then the nation has shown signs of how different the country was from 1776 to the present. The Declaration of Independence is based on the social contract theory of government and is focused on equality, freedom, and power.These values have been both supported and contradicted in American history (Jefferson, pg.443). In the declaration, Jefferson states that â€Å"all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their CreatorRead MoreLocke And Rousseau s Theory Of A Social Contract1206 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent political philosophy. Locke and Rousseau have clearly distinct social contract theories, interpretations of man and the state of nature. In his work, Discourse on Inequality, establishes the idea of a fraudulent social contract. Rousseau further develops his political theory and discusses contemporary themes like the state of nature in, The Social Contract. There is a clear distinction between Rousseau’s theory and Locke’s theory as laid out in the, Second Treatise on Government. These two philosophers

Foreshadowing in Kate Chopins The Storm Essay - 1065 Words

Foreshadowing in The Stormnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Effectively using foreshadowing in a piece of literature enhances the readers curiosity. One clear example of such usage is seen in Kate Chopins writing. Her use of foreshadowing in the short storynbsp; The Storm adds an element of intrigue, holding the readers interest throughout. In this story a father and son, Bobinocirc;t and Bibi, are forced to remain in the store where they were shopping, waiting for an approaching storm to pass. Meanwhile, the wife and mother, Calixta, remaining at home, receives an unexpected visit from a former lover of hers, Alceacute;e. The two lovers ultimately consummate their relationship. Alceacute;e then departs once the storm subsides, at†¦show more content†¦This calmness, however, contrasts with the distant storm that has sinister intention accompanied by a sullen, threatening roar (665). Using such strong, serious expressions to describe the approaching storm, Chopin develops a tone that evokes a sense of excitement and even concern from the reader. Also, because of its threatening roar (655), one can infer that the storm will most likely be dangerous. Such an implication causes the reader to have heightened interest in what the storm will bring. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Also, because it is introduced early on in the plot, it becomes clear that the main storys plot will develop and escalate from that point, possibly focusing on the actual Storm Exactly what effects the storm will have on the characters remain to be known, coaxing the reader to continue the story. A second foreshadow can be seen when Chopin emphasizes that Calixta and Alceacute;e have never been alone together since she got married. By mentioning that [s]he had not seen him very often since her marriage, and never alone facts are revealed and several questions raised. The reader learns that Calixta has probably not been married to Bobinocirc;t for a long time. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Also, Calixtas relationship with Alceacute;e appears to have lessened once she did marry. Additionally, the reader learns that Calixta is entering an unfamiliar situation, because she has not been alone with Alceacute;e for someShow MoreRelatedThe Storm By Kate Chopin869 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially true in Kate Chopin’s short story, â€Å"The Storm.† Calixta went outside of her marriage for a sexual affair with Alcà ©e when he unexpectedly showed up and a storm came through. The three most prominent literary elements that were addressed in â€Å"The Storm† were foreshadowing, symbolism, and setting. First, there is foreshadowing in the story. Bae and Young agree that foreshadowing is when a story implies that something will happen in the future without saying it (1). In â€Å"The Storm,† an example ofRead MoreThe, Open Window, And The Husband, By Kate Chopin1615 Words   |  7 Pagesexpression of time. Kate Chopin was born in the late 1800’s, where she lived in both, St. Louis and Louisiana. She wrote about women, race, and the class system of the time period. Through her writing Chopin became a master at using contrast, natural imagery and cyclical stories to provoke deep observation into the issues into the human psyche, which was a time where women were not considered equal to that of men. Although contrast and natural imagery are uniquely placed in Chopin’s original work forRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Of An Hour By Kate Chopin895 Words   |  4 PagesIrony and Foreshadowing in Story of an Hour In the short story, Story of an Hour, Kate Chopin chronicles the short journey of a woman who has recently learned of the death of her husband from a railroad accident. Kate Chopin is known for her stories which revolve around women and the world from their perspective, and Story of an Hour is no exception. As a writer, Chopin utilizes and employs many rhetorical devices to add emotion and depth to her world. Though Story of an Hour is riddled with rhetoricalRead MoreThe Use of Symbolism to Foreshadow the Future in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Toni Cade Bambaras The Lesson1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe Use of Symbolism to Foreshadow the Future in Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and Toni Cade Bambaras The Lesson Often authors use signs to foreshadow events that will happen in the future in their stories. For example an author might write As he was walking down the dark eerie path dark skies began to form . Here the writer uses a usually negative sign to foreshadow a negative future. This is the most common way for authors to foreshadow in a story, but it isnt the only way. In someRead MoreKate Chopin s The Storm1706 Words   |  7 Pagesunimportant and inappropriate, Kate Chopin writes a story portraying a married woman in the 1890’s who involves herself in an adulterous relationship with her former lover, Alcee. In â€Å"The Storm,† Chopin refrains from condemning Calixta’s sexual immorality by drawing parallels between the storm and her passion while ultimately allowing Calixta to move from the traditional housewife to a more liberating feminist role. Chopin uses the symbol of the storm to portray the brewing storm, its peak, and end with

Significance of Employee Retention Policies

Question: Discuss about the Significance of Employee Retention Policies. Answer: Introduction: Successful human resource professionals must possess the required knowledge, experience, and skill to handle the needs of employees at workplace. Therefore, successful human resource professionals must understand the motivational policies, strategies for solving workplace conflicts as getting acquainted to the manner in which their chosen human resource functions, who their employees competitors are and their motivating policies and approaches of establishing a career-growing base for all employees. Moreover, Salamon (2011) argues that the approaches of differentiating human resources policies in the employees mind, the methods of planning and presenting new workplace ethics ensure that a higher friendly workplace and a viable manner to provide the training and assimilation of new recruits required to organizational success. According to Akar Topcu (2011), good governorship, motivating policies, good communication channel, and a strong employee-employer openness at workplace attracts driven and creative individuals, who are able to find effective solutions to the challenges that the competitors presents, including competition and unresponsive buyers among others. Apparently, Human Resource careers are highly specialized and socially engaging. However, the HR profession heavily draws on an individuals ability to match the organizational objectives and perceptions with the achievable plans of action the employees can offer (Storey 2007). Therefore, the HR department is divided into several categories including public relations, advertising, promotion managers, sales managers, brand managers, market research analysts, and marketing managers. For this paper, the key focus is on the role of the HR manager in drafting policies that aim at retaining more employees, whereby the HR profession is responsible for estimating the demand for the product, identifying the workplace leakages in which the employee may find hard to cope with, and developing motivational strategies that seek to maximize the organizations market share through employee satisfaction. Several factors influence individuals to work in certain organizations due to the organizations numerous growth opportunities in the opportunities and the high levels of compensation (Bratton Gold 2012). One of the traits that make one successful in the marketing profession is the nature of being social and outgoing, since one is able to easily interact with people and identify the existing workplace information gaps and the needs of the employees to allow facing minimal problems in motivating employees. Moreover, an HR professional must be an effective decision maker. One of the strengths of the HR profession is that it puts one on a constant path of growth (Edwards 2011). However, the hr profession involves high levels of pressure to perform and meet targets, an element that can often lead to dissatisfaction among the employees. The projects conceptual framework will chronicle around motivating employees, meeting their workplace and financial incentives as well as setting decision -making policies that favor employees voice and motivation. Project Proposal The HR requires a keen observation of the set ethical workplace policies and standards, whereby the failure to observe such standards my lead to business failure, especially with the modern day technologies and competition. One of the most crucial ethical issues in the retaining employees is through motivation and offering stable and sustainable working conditions (Dundon Rollinson 2011). However, with the present organizations that focuses on ensuring that companies conduct their businesses in an ethical and sustainable manner, and employees who indulge in unethical workplace frictions such as actions against the organizational policies must be punished. Hence, it is crucial to identify the key ethical issues that affect the HR and highlight approaches to resolve such issues for an effective organizational structure experience in organization. High retention of employees favors high performance, productivity and creation of a positive organizational image to the public. Background and Justification Problem definition- According to Armstrong 2012), the relationship gap between the employees and the employers seems to widen up. Conventionally, a proper way ought to be laid into the organizational policies to foster team-work and a healthy relationship for a higher performance. Through a stable relationship between the employer and the employee, a high retention rate will be witnessed abnormally. According to Kotler Keller (2006), motivation of employees and stable and safe working conditions highly links the employer-employee relationship towards achieving the set organizational objectives. Nevertheless, motivational skills and techniques vary among organizations, which create the performance gap in different companies. Apparently, expertise technocrats well-versed with the human resource skills to initiate balanced motivational skills must dominate the HR departments to avoid employee workplace dissatisfaction. In their pursuit to gain a higher workplace authority ladder, employees are likely to indulge in some unethical practices knowingly and unknowingly. The practices that are considered unethical include stereotyping, whereby some behavior may stereotype some members of the society. For instance, some commercial marketing/ leadership elements denote that a particular individual is a racist just because of religious differences, makes one happy, which is stereotypical since it would indicate that people who have not embraced cultural and religious differences (Lewis Saunders 2009). On the other hand, the exploitation of the social paradigms can offend certain groups of people. For instance, advertisements that feature a rich man charming an attractive woman may be interpreted that women are only interested with a mans wealth, an element that is not true for all women. Other employee ethical issues include focusing on the vulnerable audiences, such as religious/culturally indifferent employees, whereby the employees fail to match the quality of the actual performance to the financial incentives offered (Salamon 2011). Therefore, given the significant implications of the ethical issues that surround the HR profession, it is crucial to establish the policies that may lead to the rise in employee motivations, less workplace conflicts, and offering the employee voice a chance in organizational decision-making. The aims and objective of the project include: To establish the key human resource policy issues that affect the retention of employees in HR profession To determine the factors that contribute towards the development of the ethical issues at workplace To determine the role of the organization in resolving the workplace-related conflicts To establish the impact of engaging in employee voice practices on organizational performance, and in decision making process In order to achieve the projects aims and objectives, the research will seek to answer the following questions; What is the most common HR polices that employees at workplace are associated with? What are some of the factors that influence employees to remain in one company for a very long term in a good working relationship? How the workplace motivational does police affect the role and performance of HR professionals and the organization at large? What role do organizations play to ensure that their employees do not engage in the unethical workplace frictions? Literature Review According to Dundon and Rollinson (2011), previous empirical studies reveal that motivational theories in the employment arena have common motives; to satisfy and please the employee for high employees retention. Conventionally, current employers assess the employees capabilities and expertise to effectively select employees who will bring the much needed organizational value and growth. Therefore, employers have structured policies and alternative ways to retain employees through motivational strategies and improving the working conditions of the workers at large (Storey 2007). Therefore, modern organizations have workplace motivational theories in respect to performance police that aim at improving the quality and expertise of the employees in general. The two-factor theory: According to Fredrick Herzberg assertion, employees are retained through hygienic and motivator factors. These factors fulfill the employees satisfaction as well as enhancing career-ladder growth (Nasibov 2015). According to two-factor theory, hygiene factors revolve around job relationships, remuneration policies, and the workplace policies. On the other hand, motivator factors include performance appraisal, and promotional policies. The motivator factors retain employees through appreciation strategies, which make the employees, work and strive for the best in what they are good at. Appreciation element gives an employer the feeling of belonging, which ensures a high retention rate, hence higher job performance. Conventionally, the hygiene factors are the key motivational skills linked directly to performance and evaluation (Prosek 2001). If the hygiene factors could be eliminated, then the overall organizational performance would drop significantly in all departments. Ultimately, for high retention of employees, the hygiene motivating factors ought to be well-matched to employees performance to ensure that the organization remains as a going concern. Additionally, the distribution of power and delegation authority is often considered unethical if it fails to adhere to the set organizational workplace-hierarchy policies. Most organizations possess laws that regulate employees workplace practices, such as the reporting time, cultural/religious diversity approach, and the performance appraisal criteria (Purce 2014). However, most HR professionals often face tough moral and ethical behaviors at workplace, which force them to remain stern on employees as well as deny them some workplace privileges. As a result, employees may often get away with the illegal and unethical behavior at workplace, since they are very productive members and the organization cannot risk firing them. However, although such ethical issues have been highlighted in relation to the HR profession, little has been done to find out the solutions to the ethical issues, which could be crucial in building an effective employee retention framework. References Alfes, K, Shantz, A D, Truss, C, Soane, E.C. (2013). The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model.The international journal of human resource management,24(2), pp.330-351. Akar, E Topcu, B. (2011). An Examination of the Factors Influencing Employee motivation and work-related Attitudes , Journal of Internet Commerce, 1(1), 35-67. Armstrong, M. (2012). Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. London: Kogan Page Bratton, J Gold, J. (2012). Human Resource Management: Employee Motivation,. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Dundon, T Rollinson, D. (2011). Understanding Employment Relations. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Edwards, P. (2011). Conflict at Work: A Materialist analysis of Workplace Relations. Blackwell: Oxford University Kotler, P Keller, K. ( 2006). Marketing Management, Pearson, Upper Saddle River Lewis, P, Thornhill, A Saunders, M. (2009). Employee relations: Understanding the Employment Relationship. Harlow: Savage Publishers Nasibov, A. (2015). The impact of employee motivation on performance. New York: Prentice Hall Prosek, J. (2001). Army of Entrepreneurs Create an Engaged and Empowered Workforce for Exceptional Business. New York: AMACOM Purce, J (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management, Routledge Revivals, 2(2),67-69 Salamon, M. (2011). Industrial relations: Theory and Practice, Harlow: Prentice Hall Storey, J. (2007). Human Resource Management. London: Pearson

Racial Profliling Essay Essays - Offender Profiling,

Racial profiling must be stopped this is something that people around the world have had to deal with more and more. Stop stereotyping people do not make and assumption based on the color of someone's skin their ethnicity or religion everyone must be treated just as equal as other men and other women. In the united states this is a very big problem mainly because people of color are targeted by the law enforcement. All over the U.S this is a recurring problem and their has been stories of people of color not even being able to walk on the street or not being able to drive the vehicle that they bought without law enforcement stopping them or checking who the car is registered too. This is something that shouldn't even be a problem this outright just should not happen. He who gives himself entirely to his fellow-men appears to them useless and selfish; but he who gives himself partially to them is pronounced a benefactor and philanthropist (Thoreau C.D 14). This speaks to me because it is saying that a if you give someone all your information than you are useless after and selfish if you do not but if you give small points of yourself than they become more intrigued and will see you as useful to them . This is the same case with people like police officers they ask who you are and what you are doing and they want that information to see if you really are a bad person or not but the truth is that in the first place they probably shouldn't have stopped you at all but because of your appearance they make an assumption about you. Think about it is the world really equal because no one is treated fairly especially with law enforcement. When was the last time you heard a person of color be the same as the common man it's not right and it needs to change. All through history there has been racial profiling history has showed us this with the Fugitive Slave Act what is this you might ask well this made it so that if you were a slave that had escaped and left to a free state you must return to your owner. This caused many people of color to be taken if if free they would have been abducted taken from their family and get enslaved. How can we allow such things to happen. How can the United States be proud of this when we have not even been able to bring equality for all . Think Martin Luther King, great man fought for civil rights and was very peaceful but was treated very differently by law enforcement and by government because he was a colored man we speak of him to this day because of the change he has brought to our world it was beautiful it warmed hearts and gave hope even to people that we not of color they joined together and did something good but it is like we have came back to square one in a way. Law Enforcement is not the only thing that racial profiles you also see this in school if you believe it or not it is up to you. Teachers also make assumptions on the people they see the staff does the same but you may not notice it. There was a study and it showed that black student were about 4 times more likely more to get suspended or expelled can you tell me this is not partially due to racial profiling and everyone hates to see it especially the parents of these children. Racial profiling of colored students is just terrible we must change this because think about the people who aren't doing wrong but are put into the same category of people that are actually bad just because of the color of their skin. We must make a change and it all starts with us becoming better people.Law enforcement must change how they see people and should start to see people as one and not give people of color unequal treatment. In Conclusion to stop racial profiling not only do you need to change the

Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur Essay Example

Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur Paper Hal and Hotspur are one of the two most important and instrumental characters in Henry IV Part One. From the outset, Shakespeare intends to set up a comparison between the two rivals. King Henry IV, Hals father, compares them in the very first scene of the play. After outlining the situation regarding the civil war in the country, Henry tells Westmoreland that Hotspur is the theme of honours tongue (1. 1. 80). This, together with blatant criticism of Hals reckless and debauched manner, gives the audience the impression, and indeed this is later stated when Glendower enters, that Henry wishes that Hotspur was his son instead of Hal. As well as introducing the theme of honour, it focuses the audiences attention on comparing these two men. In contrast to the first scene, the second scene in Act one shows Hal in the tavern along with his rebellious companion Falstaff. This scene illustrates what the King refers to regarding his sons behaviour. We learn that Hal is witty and energetic, and gains pleasure in teasing his old friend about his overindulgence. In Act one scene three, we see the King again, this time in the Council Chamber with the rebels, including Henry Percy, otherwise known as Hotspur. Hotspur refuses to surrender some prisoners whom he gained following a previous battle. We learn that, through his demand for Mortimers release, Hotspur is loyal. He is also very courageous, albeit tactless and undiplomatic. Te audience realises that this would make him an unsuitable leader. However, Hotspur does seem to be a preferable leader to Hal. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast Hal and Hotspur specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Further on in the play, Prince Hal partakes in a highway robbery. Falstaff orchestrates and carries out a robbery at Gads Hill, and then Hal proceeds to rob Falstaff following this. This incident fails to blemish Hals character. It does, however, show his reckless and genuinely base behaviour. He recognises this when he proclaims that I have sounded the very base-string of humility (2. 4. 5-6). Hal undergoes a dramatic change in Act three scene two. During this difficult interview with his father, he shows himself to be contrite in admitting his faults. The King compares Hal with Hotspur, whom he claims has more right to rule the country than Hal because of his many high deeds (3. 2. 107) in battle. This would have motivated Hal to reform since he would not take kindly to this insult. Hal promises to reform and to be more myself (3. 2. 93), indicating his previous persona was a false fai ade masking the true Hal. In the sense that both Hal and Hotspur will strive to pursue their goals. In contrast to the fact that Hotspurs temper would deem him an unsuitable ruler, Hal possesses admirable diplomacy. For instance, in this Act he performed a diplomatic concealment of his true intentions regarding the Gads Hill incident, and an awareness of the public effect he has to achieve as a responsible Prince of Wales following the interview with his father. Further on in the play, we learn that Hotspur is very keen to fight. For instance, the first line in Act four scene three is by Hotspur that Well fight him (Hal) tonight. This trait is not desirable in a king. In contrast, in Act five scene one, Hal offers to fight Hotspur in single combat. This brave and valiant statement was not said in earnest for a fight, but a noble gesture rather than risking the lives of thousands of men. This shows that Hal has matured. In contrast to Hals character at the start of the play, he is very much more sensible. The audience see Hal here as a skilled politician, like his father, offering a sensible solution to the grave problem of civil war that plagued the country. To conclude, at the start of the play, I would have deemed Hal to be a most unsuitable King, and Hotspur as one to whom the title would be most suited. However, during the course of the play, Shakespeare constructs a complex character development for both Hal and Hotspur. At the end of the play, after Hals triumphant reformation, I would argue that he is by far a more appropriate leader. He possesses all the necessary qualities, diplomacy, courage and honour to name but a few. Hotspur is impulsive, albeit brave, undiplomatic and tactless. To have Hal fighting with him instead of in opposition to him only strengthens Henrys position regarding his previously uncertain title to the throne.

Heres why your paycheck is disappearing

Heres why your paycheck is disappearing It’s not a magic trick- your paycheck may seem like it’s vanishing faster than you can earn it, but there are reasons why this seems to happen. It’s a common phenomenon: payday comes around and you start thinking about all of the things you’d like to do with your money when it comes in, but then reality hits, and your grand plans for your paycheck seems to evaporate into thin air, along with your funds. If you’re often struck by this disappointing occurrence, take comfort in the fact that you’re not alone. The simple truth comes down to this: for many of us, the size of our paychecks haven’t kept pace with the rising costs of the things we purchase, and when this occurs it should be no surprise that the â€Å"vanishing paycheck† is such a common phenomenon.What you’re earningThe statistics on historical wage trends paint a daunting picture, and goes a long way to explain why our earnings don’t seem to go as far as we’d like them to. According to a recent report by The Brookings Institution, inflation-adjusted wages have only grown around 10 percent over the last 45 years, with real wage growth crawling forward at a paltry .2 percent annually. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reports that when adjusted for inflation, real average hourly earnings have remained virtually unchanged for the American workforce over the last four decades.There are a number of factors that can be pointed to in an effort to explain this trend, from cheap labor overseas affecting supply and demand to globalized corporate competition and an economy weakened by the Great Recession and unexpectedly high inflation, but the bottom line is that this level of wage stagnation reflects a significant lack of opportunity for economic advancement for the average American worker.Furthermore, although companies have been earning massive profits in recent decades, largely due to rising costs of products and globalization o f markets and labor pools, this increased revenue simply has not made its way into the pockets of the employees who contribute to their success. The Economic Policy Institute reports that the average worker’s share of corporate-sector income in the form of wages and benefits has been on the decline since 1979.Wage inequality is another recent yet disturbing trend. According to recent BLS data, although there has been wage growth for those in the top earning percentile brackets, the opposite is true for workers in the bottom and lower-middle earning categories. This growing economic stratification creates a deep divide between the â€Å"haves† and â€Å"have nots,† leaving many workers with little hope that their financial situations will dramatically improve.What you’re spendingIf stagnant wages wasn’t challenging enough, consider the fact that the goods and services we purchase are taking bigger and bigger bites out of our paychecks than ever befo re. This includes everything from essentials like housing, food, and utilities to non-essential purchases like luxury items, vacations, and even expensive coffee (which has turned into a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry), all of which gnaw away at our earnings faster than we thought possible.Current BLS data indicates that average prices for consumer goods are increasing at an average rate of around 2 percent a year; this may not seem significant, but when many workers don’t see steady wage increases each year, paying an extra 2% for everything they purchase can really add up. There’s also a wide array of expenses that today’s average worker shoulders that previous generations did not have to worry about- think student loans, smart phone bills, and numerous credit card payments to name just a few- all of which further stretches workers’ paychecks beyond capacity.The bottom lineWhat does this all mean? There’s a growing unbalance between what th e average American worker earns and what he or she spends, and it paints a bleak economic picture for many people. If you’re not a captain of industry or among the earning elite, chances are good that the money you’re earning just isn’t going as far as you’d like it to, due to a variety of disadvantageous economic forces and trends that are showing no sign of reversing anytime soon. With all of these factors at play, the magic trick known as the â€Å"vanishing paycheck† isn’t so mysterious or magical after all.

BETH ANN FARAGHER, PETITIONER v. CITY OF BOCA RATON Case Study

BETH ANN FARAGHER, PETITIONER v. CITY OF BOCA RATON - Case Study Example This therefore puts them in a position that they can abuse by practising acts that can be termed as abusive and therefore call for legal intervention. In our case the city is claimed to be unaware of the actions of two of its employees-Terry and Silverman who were sued for subjecting the petitioner-Faragher and other female lifeguards to the unwelcome and uninvited touches and abusive language that they were using. Among the allegations, Terry had said that he would never promote a woman to the rank of a Lieutenant and in another occasion, Silverman had warned Faragher that she should date him or she would clean the toilets for a year (Legal Information Institute). Silverman being in a position to allocate duties to the lifeguards, had the power to execute that threat. This therefore calls for the intervention of the law as the powers he uses are bestowed to him by the agency that has hired him and set him to the rank that he is in. The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida handled the case where Faragher had sued the city. It established that during the time that that Faragher was working with the city, Terry was serving as the Chief of the Marine Safety division and he had authority to supervise all aspects of the life guards’ assignments, engage in counselling and deliver oral reprimands while putting into record such an occurrence. At that moment, Silverman was serving in the position of marine safety lieutenant. The city had a sexual harassment policy that was drafted on February 1986. This was revised in 1990 and a restatement reissued. However, Terry, Silverman and Gordon were unaware of it. This put the responsibility of their actions at an individual level as the city had already drafted a policy in regard to sexual harassment. The court made a conclusion that the conduct of Terry and Silverman could be cause a hostile working environment for Faragher. The court therefore

Film Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 6

Film Review - Essay Example In this respect, Islam occupies one of the leading places because its religious traditions literally pervade human life in all its manifestations. In particular, one can verify this after watching the movie Sabah directed by Ruba Nadda. The movie offers the viewer an excellent opportunity to see how traditional Islam has an impact on various aspects of Muslim life, including issues relating to family, romantic relationships, as well as professional and career growth and development of men and women in Islamic culture. The main theme of the movie can be defined as the freedom of human choice that is most clearly illustrated by the director by the example of the love relationship between the main heroes. To begin with, the film tells about the life of a Muslim family living in Canada. The family consists of numerous women and a man Majid, who is the brother of the main character by the name of Sabah. Majid is the epitome of a traditional Muslim. After their fathers death, he takes on the responsibility to provide the family with all they need. In contrast to their deceased father, the main religious philosophy of Majid is represented by his desire to strictly follow the customs and norms of traditional Islam. In turn, it has a significant impact on the characteristics of this Arab family. Firstly, as the defender of traditional Islamic values, Majid requires women of complete submission to his authority as the head of the family. The film shows that the foundations of the patriarchal family determine that the women do not have the opportunity to work and earn money. As the head of the patriarchal family, Majid does not allow his women to work, because following the logic of traditio nal Islam, a woman must first be a good housewife. The subordination of the women in the family is shown by the example of using the family budget. Majid controls the use of money and forbids the women to spend money to buy

Economics and Contemporary Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economics and Contemporary Issues - Essay Example Behind this struggle, health care costs are skyrocketing, and two primary reasons for the increase find their roots in these same two groups. Life expectancies in the country are getting longer, and the aging boomers will require more health care for longer periods f time. Funding for the existing government health care systems is declining due to the same reasons that Social Security is facing implosion. More citizens receiving benefits are fewer citizens are paying into the system. The simple equation f higher demand -plus- lower funding -plus- longer lives -equals- higher costs. Secondly, the poor, uninsured and illegal immigrants who can receive health care at any hospital are creating increased drag on a system that is already suffering. Every hospital in the country will treat any person entering its emergency wards. If the services are not paid for, the loss is applies to the bottom line, and costs increase throughout the system. A third reason for the push for Universal healthcare is the pragmatic belief that in the long run it will reduce healthcare costs in general. If preventative care is available to everyone from birth, the result will be less-costly healthcare needs in people's later years. Early preventative measures also lessen the magnitude f epidemics; when more people are immunized and have access to treatment, disease cannot spread so easily. (University Wire, 2001) Former US Surgeon General C. Everett Koop recently stated: "I think I am right when I write that all Americans have the right to healthcare," Koop said. "If we agree that there is a right to healthcare, then we are also agreeing that someone must provide these rights," he said, noting that the right to healthcare is different than some other constitutional rights because it incurs a monetary cost on society. (Anand, 2000) Two year ago, in a survey f medical- school faculty and administrators published in the New England Journal f Medicine, 57 per cent said they like a single-payer universal healthcare system over either fee-for-service or managed care. Indeed, more and more doctors are now keen to work in coalitions where they learn from and fight for the needs f those whom they have traditionally considered inferiors or adversaries. (Gordon, 2000) As a result, when President Clinton ascended the podium, and declared that universal healthcare is a right which Americans shared, no one questioned where the money would come from to fund such a huge expansion f the federal bureaucracy. This has become the clearest argument for universal healthcare, the right f all people to receive healthcare, in the form f physician visits and pharmaceuticals, regardless f their socioeconomic status. (University Wire, 2001) A person who is poor should not be precluded from the benefit f healthcare simply because he or she cannot afford it. Boomers perceive universal health care as another program to benefit them, and the poor / uninsured thought they were looking at a savior. The core question to answer, however, is not whether healthcare coverage is a right or not. The costs f health care are skyrocketing, and the needs f the population are increasing. The question is: What is the most effective means f bringing down

A Study On Data Protection Act Social Policy Essay

A Study On Data Protection Act Social Policy Essay For the sake of this unit, I must undertake an activity which will be to the benefit to one of our service participants. I must discuss the processes of this activity at every stage with this individual. Throughout this paper I shall also refer to our service participant as Dan and our service as â€Å"the Group†.   This is not the real name of our client or our group. By doing this I am complying with our organisations policy of confidentiality. This policy was designed to conform to the (ref 1) Data Protection Act of 1998. This Act ensures client confidentiality and any information written about a client is accurate, truthful and any opinions are objective, substantiated by factual evidence. The Act also allows the individual to make a formal application to see the information held on them by the Group. To identify a task which would benefit one of our service participants I had numerous thorough discussions with the manager of the Group. This was to ensure that any task u ndertaken complied with our organisations constitution which concentrates on social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities and the activity is risk assessed. We then went on to identify an individual who would enjoy and benefit from this activity. The activity I have decided upon is to support Dan to make a piece of African art that can be exhibited at our Malawi Awareness fund raising evening with others from the art group. I will give him choice in deciding what type of art he would like to make, through supplying a choice of materials and source materials. Giving Dan choices and the right to free expression complies with the (Ref A) Human Rights Act 1998. There is no widely accepted definition of a learning disability and there is an ongoing debate of the definition. However, there are certain factors that are agreed upon. Those with a learning disability have difficulties with educational success and growth. An uneven pattern of their human development is noticeable   i.e. physical, perceptual, educational and language developments.(Ref 2)[i] The NHS and Community Care Act of 1990(Ref B), implemented in 1993 saw the closure of institutions. This saw the movement of adults with learning disabilities to being cared for in the community, either by their own families or in small supported housing being cared for by the voluntary sector or social work department. (Ref 3)[ii] â€Å"The Same as You† strategy of 2000 by the Scottish executive is committed to providing fairness, equality and social inclusion for adults with learning disabilities. As a result of this strategy the local community set up the â€Å"Group† to provide socialisation to help with social inclusion of adults with learning disabilities through one to one befriending and group activities. Dan lived within a nuclear family unit where he was given the basic human requirements of food, shelter, clothing, love and socialisation to live until the age of 6. He then moved into a local institution until 1995.   With the help of his family, until the age of 6 he was able to meet the bottom three stages as seen in Maslow`s hierarchy of needs pyramid.(Ref4) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was a humanist psychologist who developed this model between the 1940s and 1950`s in the USA. This model consisted of five stages. He stated that we are all motivated by need. He stated that we must satisfy these needs in turn, starting with the first. The first stage is the biological and,the second need is that of security, the third need is belonging and love, the fourth need is esteem and the fifth need is self actualisation which is realising personal potential. Within his family unit Dan, as sociologist Talcott Parsons(1923-1979) as cited in (Ref5[iii]) will have gained his primary socialisation and emotional stability. After the death of his elderly mother Dan relied totally on his elderly father for any continued socialisation out with the institution. Dan`s development was affected by being institutionalised he now has no social skills, no road work skills and has had no form of education. After 1995, when the government strategies of closing large institutions were implemented, Dan was given a home within supported accommodation as his father had become disabled. These strategies of closing large institutions came about as a result of the implementation of the NHS and Community Care Act of 1990 and the Human Rights Act of 1998. After being institutionalised Dan did not like to go out unless his father was with him and tended not to interact with anyone when introduced. He suffers from anxiety attacks and gets agitated when his routine changes and when in a large group situation. When with more than two people he must be able to sit on his own or at the end of a row. He does not like feeling hemmed in. He is unable to read or write and has difficulty making a decision; therefore, he can only be given limited choices. Dan`s behaviour may be explained by the theories of (Ref 6) J.B. Watson (1878-1958) who created   the term behaviourism and believed that all behaviour is learned, that it happened by association and is also determined by the surroundings. Watson showed this in the Little Albert experiment. His anxiety attacks, behaviourists claim, is a consequence of negative reinforcement, when Dan comes across a situation which makes him anxious, Dan is liable to become nervous and steer clear of the particular circumstances.  Ã‚   The avoidance behavior is negatively reinforced and the anxiety is maintained. Suddenly having his environment changed from a loving home to an impersonal institution may well have contributed to his current behavioural problems. Lev Vygotsky and Russian cognitive psychologist believed that development was guided by culture and interpersonal communication with significant adults. Being institutionalised will have reduced Dan`s chances of having regular important co mmunication with a significant adult. Vygotsky stated that to learn a range of tasks that are too difficult on their own, a child must be shown or guided by someone who is more knowledgeable. This became known as the â€Å"Zone of proximal development†. In the care setting where Dan spent his life, the chances of a child being challenged to learn new skills would have been diminished or non-existent. Vygotsky was the first to observe that social isolation caused a delay in both social and cognitive development. While(Ref 7) Martin E.P. Seligman an American psychologist in 1965 accidentally discovered learned helplessness, a behaviour resulting from an person`s apparent hopelessness over life events. Learned helplessness is common amongst those who have been institutionalised and behaviourists believe that it can also be unlearned. Dan was introduced to join the â€Å"Group† by his father in an attempt to increase his social circle and confidence by one to one befriending. Dan would have been assessed at his initial assessment by a member of the Group staff. He would have been asked a number of questions using PIES to establish what his Physical, Intellectual, Emotional, and Social needs were.   This information would have been put into his activity plan which we use instead of a Care Plan. As under the NHS and Community Care (Scotland) Act 1990 everyone is entitled to a care plan. Dan will have such a plan set up by the social work department. To increase his social circle as requested by his father, we included him in a number of activities which has expanded his scope of social activity and made him less isolated. Dan was rather introverted and shy but through one to one befriending I found that the activity he was most interested in was painting. I mentor at the art group which helps adults with le arning disabilities gain new skills, gain confidence, improve self esteem, socialisation and self actualisation through creativity. By doing the proposed activity I hope to help Dan improve the fourth stage of Maslow`s hierarchy of needs, of esteem.(Ref 8)Carl Rogers (1902-1987) the Humanist psychologiststressed the importance of creativity in making us able to attain our full potential. Creativity and producing art is healing, rehabilitating, life enhancing as well as satisfying. Although this will be a group activity I shall be concentrating on Dan for this unit. I have used and will continue to use the task-centred model in planning this exercise; this is a short-term problem solving approach. This had five phases- Problem Identification (assessment), Agreement, Planning goals, Achieving Tasks and Evaluation. Here, the client takes concrete action to solve the problem. The Initial interview or phase allowed Dan to express his need to have more confidence when in a room with more people in order to be able to enjoy more activities. He wants to complete a painting and to be present at its exhibition. To achieve these goals, we will agree on the steps and tasks that will allow Dan to attain his goal. We will emphasise the tasks that will be required to be completed to allow Dan to exhibit his work of art and agree on timescales for the tasks. Other interviews will take place to ensure that we are on track and that Dan still feels safe and confident doing the a greed tasks, if not we will look at other options available to us. After discussing and getting the agreement of my manager I spoke to Dan in comfortable and quiet surroundings, to discuss my proposals.   I asked Dan to sit down where I used the SOLER techniques to aid in communication. Using the SOLER theory I used the five basic components used in communication. I sat squarely on at the table turned towards one another. I adopted an open posture. I sat so that we had regular but varied eye contact and that Dan could see my facial expressions and gestures to aid in communication. This also let him know that I was involved in the situation. I leaned forward slightly to convey to him that I was interested and committed to actively listen to him. For this activity my aims and objectives are to: To ensure Dan is included in the process of planning this activity. To help Dan increase his confidence and show his creativity. To ensure that he feels safe, secure and comfortable during the production and exhibition of his art work. To have him exhibit a piece of art work, along with other art group participants, influenced by Africa and or Malawi. He has never exhibited his work before in an organised exhibition. Agree timescales for what we want to achieve. Planning: I will ensure that enough art materials, resource materials and paper are available for Dan to use. These will be available from the art cupboard. . Dan and I shall discuss how to mount his art work, which colour and type of mount board to use. We shall discuss where to position his art work on the selected wall. His art work will be completed within an art group setting over a 2hr period one week prior to our evening. I will ask staff members and volunteers to become part of art sessions with Dan and give each person a time and date to come along to the sessions prior to the exhibition as a slow introduction to an increase in group numbers. All of these activities will take place at â€Å"the Group† premises where I am confident that I am able to keep Dan safe. He is familiar with this space and feels secure here. Under the (Ref 9) Regulation of care Act (Scotland) 2001Dan has a right to feel safe and secure. I will do Risk Assessments at all activities as this complies with the(Ref C) Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. The exhibition will take place on May 20th2010. REFERENCES. Reference 1 : Data Protection Act 1998. http://www.opsi.gov.uk/Acts/Acts1998/ukpga_19980029_en_1 Reference 2 : http://www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/learning/learning_disabilities.shtml#What is a learning disability? [ii] Reference3: The Same as You† strategy of 2000.http://www.scotland.gov.uk/ldsr/docs/tsay-01.asp [iii]Reference 4: Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Sociology of Family. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 88-89. Reference 5: Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Sociology of Family. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 124 -125. Reference 6: Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009). Sociology of Family. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 84. Reference 7: Elizabeth Bingham +. (2009)Working with People who have Learning Disabilities. In: Heinemann HNC in Social Care. Edinburgh: Heinemann. 266. Reference 8: Cathy A. Malchiodi. (2007). Creativity- Drawing on Process. In: McGraw-Hill Art therapy Sourcebook. 2nd Ed. New York USA: McGraw-Hill. 65. Reference 9:Regulation of care Act(Scotland) 2001http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/scotland/acts2001/asp_20010008_en_1 Reference A:The Human Rights Act 1998:http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/ukpga_19980042_en_1: Reference B : NHS and Community Care Act 1990 http://www.opsi.gov.uk/ACTS/acts1990/ukpga_19900019_en_1 Reference e C: Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 :http://www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm Reference e D:Biza Stenfert Kroese+. (1997) Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for People with Learning Disabilities: Routeledge.

Piracy of Digitized Music Essay -- Music Piracy, Digitized Music, MP3,

The music industry has developed in a series of technological advances, from the development of vinyl to the digitization of music and the creation of formats such as compact disc (CD), digital audiotape, and minidisk (Leyshon 2001). Although the digitized music facilitates consumers, it causes the appearance of piracy and the drop of sales. The subject of piracy has occurred for a certain period. Since 1920's, music piracy has appeared into the world with the production of cassette tapes, voice recorders, and CDs, which brought a new kind of event to court. Moreover, music piracy has become a worldwide issue due to the development of downloading music via the internet. Music piracy is something that affects the entire world record industry and is known incompletely by most of people. In accordance with the debates around music piracy, there are many different views on this issue. This paper will analyse the reasons that people pirate music and illustrate the impacts on the music industry. Additionally, it hopes to spread the exact knowledge about music piracy to audiences. Negative Effects According to the RIAA, the industry has to suffer losses by nearly $4.2 billion because of global music piracy. Firstly, pirates are the first to encounter losses due to the severe suppress from recording industry and law enforcement officers. Secondly, consumers also lose personal interests, because the costs of authorized music products will go up along with the Internet downloading of music with shortcut savings. Moreover, piracy could impact negatively on those retailers that give strong backing to their products, whose prices have no competitive power with that of piracy music provided by illegal vendors or free illegimate downloa... ... lot of retailers have gone out of business that is not for internet downloading. Many retailers cannot compete with the discounted prices or special offers record companies give to large established companies such as Best Buy, Walmart, Tower, and Target. As a result, piracy in music industry makes the long term album sale increase, access and exposure of out of print music and it influences the independent and other lesser known artists positively. Conclusion To summarise, piracy in music industry has occurred a long time since 1920’s, which could go via the production which can record and spread music, and internet. It will destroy both the music industry and anything that relies on the music industry; however, it has also caused a number of positive impacts on music industry that increase the sale of album and the popularity of artists and music companies.

National Strategy for Combating Terrorism Essay

In the recent years, global terrorism has come into picture as a serious problem that threatens the world peace. The world community has expressed deep concern over the menace of terrorism in different parts of the world. Terrorism has struck countries like the United States, India and countries in Middle East and other parts of Asia. The terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 forced the United States to take a tough posture on this issue. The George Bush administration formulated a national strategy for combating terrorism, known as the Bush Doctrine. However, the war on Afghanistan and Iraq also revived the debate over the principles of the Just War Doctrine that exists for centuries. These two doctrines are contrasting in nature. A large number of people believe that the Bush Doctrine violates the basic principles of Just War. Just War Doctrine Just War always distinguishes between justifiable and unjustifiable use of force. The main objective of Just War is to restrain the use of arms and use them only when the peace and justice are in danger. A war always causes widespread destruction. It results in the killing of innocent civilians and creates economic and social turbulence. Although the war ends within a few days and or months, the survivors feel the impact for the years to come. People from different sections of the society always questioned the use of violence to preserve peace. Although killing is morally not justified, the inevitable war between states often leads to mass killing. Just War Doctrine aims at the protection of unarmed civilians and the need for necessary measures to minimize deaths. Just War is a theory practiced by the Catholic Church. The Catechism’s teachings on Just War forbid the intentional destruction of human life. It states that all the citizens and governments must work for peace. However, it allows a country to go to war for its self-defense if all peace efforts have failed. Just War theory believes in the principle of legitimate self-defense in the form of war. However, the threat must be real and grave and there should be no alternative to avoid war . It completely denounces initiating armed conflict without any provocation. The main principles of Just War are: ? Before going into war, it is necessary to explore all non-violent options to resolve the conflict. ? A legitimate authority must endorse the use of violent force by using discretionary power. ? A Just War fought against injustice with right intentions, is always justifiable. ? It prohibits States from using unnecessary use of force. Peace is the ultimate goal of a Just War. ? Just War allows use of force only against the armed combatants. It requires all States to take necessary steps to avoid civilian casualties . Just War makes a clear distinction between the use of arms against sovereign nations and the political compulsion of going to war. Nobody can justify the mass killings. However, the circumstances often warrant such an action. A Just War is defensive and cannot be aggressive under any circumstances. The main concern in every war is the loss of lives and property. Civilians always suffer heavily whenever there is a war. Just War Doctrine strongly emphasizes on protecting the lives of innocent civilians. National Strategy for Combating Terrorism (Bush Doctrine) In the wake of the terrorist attack on 9/11, President George Bush led the way to fight against global terrorism. The military doctrine of the United States had been a policy of deterrence for years. George Bush changed it into a policy of striking at the countries that threatens the interests of the United States. Under the Bush Doctrine, the United States adopted the idea of pre-emptive strikes on the suspected countries. The Bush Doctrine is a national strategy for combating terrorism. The new doctrine clearly states that the US would not allow any country to question its military supremacy. It also believes that the US has a bigger role to play in maintaining peace in the world by waging war against the rogue nations and terrorists. It denounced terrorism in strong words and calls for non-compromise on its national interests . The need of a comprehensive strategy to combat terrorism has become necessary keeping the strong capabilities of the terrorists. By using weapons of mass destruction, terrorists sent a clear signal that they could launch attacks on important installations at their will. The Bush Doctrine identified possible threats in three categories. These potential threats are global terrorist organizations, states that harbor such organizations and rogue states. It defined rogue states as states that oppress their own citizens and squander the national properties for the self-interest of the rulers. Countries that disregard international law and threaten their neighbors are also fall in the same category. In this context, the Bush Doctrine termed Iraq, North Korea and Iran as rogue states. However, the focus was on Iraq. The US policy stated in clear terms that it would not wait and watch until the rogue nations acquire or develop the weapons of mass destructions and use them to destroy the humankind . Preemptive strike is not a substitute for the non-military measures such as financial sanctions and diplomatic offensive to isolate a nation that practices dangerous propaganda. It is just an add-on policy to combat the new threat of invisible war launched by the terrorist groups. The main objective of the Bush Doctrine is not to tolerate the ghastly act of terrorism in any form. Conclusion In the past decades, people from some sections of the society developed new ways of terrorizing people to force the government and administration to meet their demands. Suicidal attacks in the United States, India, Israel and Iraq are the examples of the newly developed way of warfare. There is little option left with the states to tackle terrorism. A full-fledged war against terrorism and countries harboring terrorists has become inevitable. In this context, the Bush Doctrine seems to be an effective option. The leaderships in the world always explored ways for dialogue and discussion to tackle such problems. However, from the recent incidents, it has become clear that bringing the terrorists into negotiating table is almost impossible. They hardly showed any willingness to enter into dialogues. Their intransigent attitude forced the governments to take tough decision in curbing terrorism. Many people question the policy of the Bush Doctrine citing the principles of Just War Doctrine. However, in the recent years the world witnessed deadly acts of terrorism that killed thousands of people and caused loss of public and private property. In such a scenario, war against terrorism becomes completely justifiable. The only concern is about the loss of civilian lives. States going to war must address this concern properly and take necessary steps to avoid this. Bibliography Dolan, Chris J. In War We Trust: The Bush Doctrine and the Pursuit of Just War. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Just War Against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World. New York: Basic Books, 2003. Daalder, Ivo H. , James M. Lindsey, & James B. Steinberg. The Bush National Security Strategy: An Evaluation. Washington: Brookings Institution, 2002.

Cheating at School essays

Cheating at School essays There's no doubt that many students cheat. Surveys across America show this. Students cheat from time to time, because to them this isn't a big deal. The pressures put forth in society to do well academically at times force students to do things they wouldn't ordinarily do. The weights and measures of getting good grades vs. risk of getting caught cheating are becoming more and more at risk. A recent study of a survey at Bucks show cheating is wide spread."Approximately 140 students have taken the survey, and approximately 50 percent of the student respondents to our survey on academic integrity have known other Bucks students to cheat and/or plagiarize on their college assignments," said Michael Hennessey, chairman of ad-hoc committee on academic integrity and Lang and Lit professor.At Bucks there is a survey you can take anonymously at:http://ctlsilhouette.wsu.edu/surveys/ZS5801Cheating has also become easier as the Internet savvy generation of students enter the academi! c world. New technologies make it even easier with the explosion of cell phones with email, pagers which are alphanumeric, and wireless devices. Doing a search on Yahoo for the terms research paper come up with 44,311 hits. School Sucks is one of many online cheat sites, where students can download prewritten term papers for free or for a modest fee. Cheater.com, created by 18-year-old Paul Roberts, averages about 60,000 page views per day.There are books out there that tell you how to cheat. The Cheater's Handbook: The Naughty Student's Bible by Bob Corbett which sells for $12.95 or Arco Real A+ College Term Papers by Mark Alan Stewart for $11.99. A study from Donald L. McCabe of Rutgers University shows that:On most campuses, over 75 percent of students admit to some cheating. In a 1999, and 2001 survey of 2,100 students on 21 campuses across the country, about 1/3 of the participating students admitted to serious test cheating and half admitted to one or mo...

buy custom Social and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire essay

buy custom Social and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire essay Stuart Schaar and Marvin Gettlemens book the Middle East and the Islamic world reader explores in chapter eleven, the social and economic changes that occurred in the ancient Ottoman Empire. The two authors have incorporated excerpts from the works of three authors to present a detailed anthology of the social and economic transformation of the Ottoman Empire from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century. The first excerpt is from Suraiya Faroqhi. In this excerpt, Suraiya opens the chapter by describing the land tenure system that characterized the Ottoman Empire from the fifteenth to the sixteenth century. Stuart and Marvin then pick up from this except and continue describing the typical land system in the Ottoman Empire Marvin Schaar, (2003) describe the land system as characterized by a farm managed by a peasant family, with additional labor provided by neighbors. The ottoman state owned all the land under its jurisdictions. Peasant farmers were just hereditary peasants who paid some levy to the state for farming this land. People appointed by the central government in the Ottoman Empire were the ones who collected land levies from peasants. In a detailed anthology, Marvin and Stuart, (2003), then explains the contentious issues that characterized the Ottoman Empire land system. They include the conflict over the system of levy collection from peasant farmers, delays in collection of levy by the levy collectors and confusion over the peasants farmers who left their land to look for work in cities. The rural setting presented by Marvin and Stuart of the ancient Ottoman Empire also sheds some good light into the nature of life that ancient Ottoman Empire lived. Most of the people in the Ottoman Empire were peasants and nomadic people who alternated their lifestyles between these two lifestyles. Some of the changes in the land tenure highlighted by Marvin and Stuart in this anthology include a change in the land ownership rights in the sixteenth century. Peasants in the fifteenth century Ottoman Empire had more land rights than the peasants in the sixteenth century onwards because of take over of land by the ruling class that reduced many peasants into laborers. Ottoman Empire largely comprised of a semi agricultural way of life with little divide between town and rural areas. Among the social cultural changes highlighted by Marvin and Stuart, include a growth of mosques in the nineteenth and the early twenty-century and establishments of schools in many towns across the Ottoman Empire. Marvin and Stuat manage to offer a good introduction of the land tenure and the changes that occurred in the land ownership for the period between the fifteenth and the early 20th century. The two authors manage to shed a good light on the complex land tenure of the Ottoman Empire that later brought serious conflicts that eventually led to its collapse. The second excerpt that Marvin and Stuart borrow from is by Hanna Batatu. This excerpt addresses the political changes that occurred in the Ottoman Empire especially the centralization of power by ottoman reformers in many parts of the empire. Some of the effects of the centralization of power are well covered in this excerpts .Examples are strengthening land rights of peasants in some regions of the ottoman empire like the Anatolia region And the aristocrats in Baghdad laying big claims on large tracts of land in Basra depriving the poor of their land. Marvin and Stuart(2003), manages to display in detail the changes that occurred in the ottoman empire when it embraced capitalism influence from western empires like steam navigation, telegraph as a means of communication as well as the political changes such as young Turks revolution in 1908. The two authors also explores in depth how the ottoman imitative of consolidating all land as a property of the state had severe consequences on the balance of power between the different tribes in the ottoman empire and the central government and the levy collectors. In the end, the ottoman initiative of consolidating power eventually led to the strengthening of power of the ruling sheiks against the central government. The sheiks then in an attempt to consolidate power started to lease out land to foreign tribes laying the ground for ethnic tension. With time, many peasants began to resist the authority of the sheiks. Intermixing of tribes occurred that many shaiks lost support of their tribe, which in a way worked towards to their downfall later in the nineteenth century (Marvin Stuart, 2003). Marvin and Stuart expose the major tribal divisions and divisions in the political systems of the Ottoman Empire in this chapter. Their focus is the internal evolution that occurred in the Ottoman Empire through the actions of the peasants, sheiks and the central government. This intriguing historical account of the of complex social economic and political changes that occurred in the ottoman empire and their consequences on the ottoman empire that laid the ground for bitter and bloody divisions within the different tribes and blocs of the empire. Thesee divisions are well presented by Marvin and Stuart as prerequisites for the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. The third excerpt that Marvin and Stuart (2003), Borrow from Is by Donald Quartet. This excerpt addresses the problem of the slow pace of the industrialization of the ottoman empire Donald attributes the slow pace of industrialization of the ottoman empire to the fact that the ottoman central government favored the agricultural sector more than industrialization . The reason for this preference was that agriculture produce had a ready export market. Marvin and Stuart also explain that the ottoman government did not also encourage industrialists to invest in manufacturing plants in the empire. Other explanations offered by Marvin and Stuart(2003), for slow industrialization in the Ottoman Empire are that the empire preferred to import cheap products from industrialized neighbors than establish industries that would produce its own expensive products. Foreign interference also had an influence in the Ottoman Empire slow pace of industrialization process of the Ottoman Empire .An example is the treaty signed by the Ottoman Empire and Britain that prohibited it from imposing huge duties on imported products. The ottoman empire the fore had no clear policy of protecting its local industries from foreign competition .European Empires interfered with the industrialization process in the ottoman empire to ensure that their products did not face stiff competition from the Ottoman Empire products. As is evident from this detailed presentation by Marvin and Stuart, many external roadblocks prevented the Ottoman Empire from industrialization although there were many laws encouraging the growth of homegrown industries in the Ottoman Empire. The social and economic transformation of the Ottoman Empire was therefore, influenced by interplay of many internal and external factors. Marvin and Stuart manage to give a comprehensive and detailed view of the factors that brought the socio economic changes of the ancient Ottoman Empire and bring into focus the historical, social and economic processes that led to the fall of the Ottoman Empire. Marvin and Stuart have assembled a broad account of the social and the economic transformation of the Ottoman Empire under the influences of factors such as changing social trends, industrialization and European imperialism. This chapter is a great read for people seeking to gain deep insights into the social and economic life of the once mighty Ottoman Empire. Buy custom Social and Economic Change in the Ottoman Empire essay

Epistemology and the Legend of the Sphinx in Oedipus Rex Research Paper

Epistemology and the Legend of the Sphinx in Oedipus Rex - Research Paper Example The idea of pharmakos in Oedipus Rex is embodied in the interaction between the sphinx and Oedipus and how the sphinx guards and reveals knowledge. Pharmakos is the idea that there is a duality to things; that an item can be both a cure and a poison. The sphinx is used as a pharmakos in Oedipus Rex because not only does her physical appearance portray a duality, but also her riddles conceal knowledge in their ambiguity, but also in a sense, reveal truth concerning Oedipus and the Greek society. Epistemology Epistemology can be defined as the branch of philosophy that looks at the nature, origin, methods, as well as limits of human knowledge. It seeks to answer the question of how to distinguish true knowledge from false knowledge. One of the outstanding epistemological problems in Oedipus Rex is the ambiguity presented in terms of the nature and extents of Oedipus’ knowledge about his true origins (Carel 103). Many philosophers have argued that Oedipus may have been too ignora nt to figure out facts about his past. However, at the beginning of the play, his intelligence is well portrayed when he is the only man who has the ability to solve the riddle of the sphinx. This ambiguity brings forth the vagueness of the extent to which Oedipus can and should be held responsible for his actions, which are: killing his biological father and marrying his own mother. Sophocles tells the story of Oedipus in reverse: he starts with the ending and goes to explain how it happened. According to the oracle, the plague that has befallen Thebes will find no cure until the person responsible for the murder of King Laius is found and expelled from the city. Oedipus starts an investigation to reveal the murderer, but this investigation quickly turns into an investigation of Oedipus’ real identity. Initially the epistemology lies around finding an answer to the question â€Å"who did it†, but this changes course to the question â€Å"who am I?† (Foster 22)T he psychological journey of discovery takes up much of this story. Knowledge is supposed to end with gratification and satisfaction. However, in this story, epistemology led to a discovery that was more tragic than the events that led to the discovery itself. The Sphinx The word sphinx comes form the Greek verb which when translated means â€Å"to squeeze† or to tighten (Gosse 65). Some historians however argue that the word is a corruption of the Egyptian word â€Å"shesepankh† which translates to â€Å"living image† (Zivie-Coche and Lorton 9). In Greek mythology the Sphinx is represented as having a serpent’s tail, a lion’s hunches, a large bird’s wings and a woman’s breast and face. This malevolent creature is normally characterized as being merciless and treacherous. She is the demon of bad luck and destruction and kills and mauls those who fail to correctly answer her riddle. According to myths, the sphinx was the guardian of the gates into the City of Thebes. To be allowed entry, one had to correctly answer her riddle. The riddle is â€Å"which creature has four legs in the morning, two at midday and three in the evening, and the more legs it has, the weaker it is? It is said that no man had ever been able to give a correct answer to the riddle (10). Oedipus was the only one who gave the correct answer which was ‘man’. After Oedipus gave the correct answer, the sphinx is said to have been infuriated and she killed herself. The original purpose of the sphinx

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment Research Paper

Negotiations and Conflict Resolution in Sports and Entertainment - Research Paper Example There have been times when proper rights do not get provided which results in an outcry among the employees of the industry. The history of formation contracts can be dated back from 1960s and early 1970s when Major League Baseball Player Association (MLBPA) entered into the scenario. Introduction of players association also enabled sports agent to enter into the games and then with the passage of time, in late 1990s the trend of sports agencies or more renowned as sports agency firms started and afterwards many players joined several sports agencies and today all big names in sports have some kind of affiliation or connection with sports agencies. Players like Roger Federer, Tiger Woods, Maria Sharapova have affiliation with Octagon. NFL, NBA, NHL, MLB have affiliations with IMG. there are many other stars having their own agents who negotiate with different organizations and producers on different issues (Ferrand, Torrigiani, & Povill, 2007). Having a contract is one of the legal way to form an agreement or relationship between the organization and the person. Therefore celebrities as well as players need to have form agreements with the organization. Contact is important because it defines the rights and obligation of both the parties involved. And in this way one can avoid different conflicts and negotiate with each other in more effective and efficient manner. With the introduction of third parties like agents and sport agency firms along with the popularity of different sports and celebrities because of extensive coverage of media, at the same time more investors and organizations are ready to make investment in sports and media, the bargaining power of players, athletes and celebrities have increased a lot against organizations and sponsors. Therefore now players, celebrities and athletes demand a lot more than before. Previously associations used to pay after making the players and celebrities

The Development and Growth in Sports and Physical Activities in Research Paper

The Development and Growth in Sports and Physical Activities in Britain - Research Paper Example The success of British sports in promoting justice can be credited to John Raws. Contextually, the concept of social justice in Britain reached at its height with the publication of ‘A Theory of Justice’ narrated by John Rawls. In his book, he argued on the complexity of traditional theory of justice and proposed his own principles. The principles postulated by him stated that each person should have equal rights to the most extensive basic liberties which should comprise compatible similar liberty for all irrespective of any race, ethnic origin, religion and colour. Furthermore, he added that social and economic equalities should be drawn in such a way that yields the greatest benefits to every individual or group (Wolff, 2012). Spracklen & et. al. (2006) stated that despite the considerable efforts and attention to racial equality over the last few years, the progress towards creating equality has not been much fruitful in the UK. The principles stated by John Rawls do not seem to be in practice in a modern day sports context. At the same time, it is also being argued that approaches initiated in the UK for promoting social equality failed to acknowledge views related with gender equality and social consequences which ultimately discouraged the support of sports opportunities for women and girls (Right to Play, 2010). Formal, radical and liberal equality all has been placed for promoting equality in society. The broad three aspects of equality vary in certain ways. In relation to this, formal equality is based on the rule of laws that advocates equality without making any discrimination.

Organisation and Behaviour Essay Example for Free

Organisation and Behaviour Essay Organizational structure can be described as the framework in which an organization operates. There are three main types of organizational structure: functional, divisional and matrix structure. A functional structure is set up so that each portion of the organization is grouped according to its purpose. In this type of organization, for example, there may be a marketing department, a sales department and a production department. The functional structure works very well for small businesses in which each department can rely on the talent and knowledge of its workers and support itself. However, one of the drawbacks to a functional structure is that the coordination and communication between departments can be restricted by the organizational boundaries of having the various departments working separately. A divisional structure typically is used in larger companies that operate in a wide geographic area or that have separate smaller organizations within the umbrella group to cover different types of products or market areas. For example, the now-defunct Tecumseh Products Company was organized divisionallywith a small engine division, a compressor division, a parts division and divisions for each geographic area to handle specific needs. The benefit of this structure is that requirements can be met rapidly and more specifically; however, communication is inhibited because employees in different divisions are not working together. Divisional structure is costly because of its size and scope. Small businesses can use a divisional structure on a smaller scale, having different offices in different parts of the city, for example, or assigning different sales teams to handle different geographic areas. A matrix structure is a hybrid of divisional and functional structure. Typically used in large multinational companies, the matrix structure allows for the benefits of functional and divisional structures to exist in one organization. This can create power struggles because most areas of the company will have a dual managementa functional manager and a product or divisional manager working at the same level and covering some of the same managerial territory. Organizational structure is closely related to culture. Culture refers to the deep-seated beliefs, values and norms that represent the unique character of an organization and also the shared goals and visions for the people in the organization. Organizational structure and culture are difficult to separate as they are intertwined and dependent on each other. Arguably, Greenscape operates a matrix structure. Organizational structure can be described as the framework in which an organization operates. How its tasks are delegated and its leadership structure i.e. its lines of authority and communication. ‘Organization structure determines how information flows between different levels of management and employees. How roles, power and duties are delegated controlled and coordinated.† The structure an organization chooses is dependent on its objectives and the strategy employed to achieve them. Pre-globalization most organizations had a centralized structure where the power was concentrated at the top. With globalization we has seen a shift in many organizations to a more decentralized structure where decision making is more participative and decision making is power is shared and more autonomy is given to divisions and departments. The motivation of the individuals goals and aspirations, needs met in one, and not the organization: what drives us in life and in business in partic ular, managerial tasks to recognize the individual motivations and management tools are linked to organizational goals with individual can move resources to achieve organizational goals. Lawler (1981) argue that the factors determining the balance motivation the efforts and expectations concerning performance relationship and the perceived attractiveness of reward. These factors are simply related links to each other, where each link is irrelevant. If an employee receives a job, which is calculated as a challenge to your skills, and be able to complete this task successfully with very nice rewarded, so trying to maximize the performance. If, however, the challenges we face are too big or too small, it will not sufficiently able to feel, or to solve the problem for the reward is not attractive enough, and it will not be effective enough. Youll be motivated and do not feel the job is important it is not going to make an effort to get the best out of the employee. Leadership is the backbone for the success of an organization. Normally there are four types of leadership styles, which are Autocratic, Participative, Delegative and Free Reign. These leadership styles have different effectiveness in different circumstances. Differences and similarities between the leadership styles of Max Worthy and Brenda Hogan We can argue that Max Worthy was operating in a free reign/autocratic leadership styles where everyone had to mind its own business. Brenda Hogan was a manager using a participative management approach. The participative approach will promote integrity, great observation skills and high emotional intelligence. It also promotes openness to effective communication. Hogan wanted to involve everyone in taking part at the formulation of decisions that affected them. She created the environment for the staff to learn from each other and acquire new skills, especially managerial. In contrast, Max Worthy dictated what needed to be done to staff from a distant office. Employees became accustomed to his practices and were reluctant to adopt the new approach from Hogan. Hogan leadership style can inspire her entire team to achieve excellence by example. Her hard work and caring nature set an example for all her coworkers. Management takes place within a structured organisational setting with prescribed roles. It is directed towards the achievement of aims and objectives through influencing the efforts of others. Below is a discussion of three well known management theories. Classical management theory: It puts emphasis on structure and prescriptive what is good for firms. One of the advantages of the classical management structure is a clear organizational structure with distinct management levels. Each management group has its own objectives and responsibilities as there is division of labour. Projects are broken down into smaller tasks that are easy to complete and employees responsibilities are clearly defined. This approach allows workers to specialize in one specific area and leads to increased productivity. Employees are motivated by monetary rewards (‘a fair day pay for a fair day work’). The leadership style is autocratic. Managers direct the employees and all decisions are made at the top level and communicated down. This is the case for the management style adopted by Max Worthy. Human Relations Theories: Classical theorists were concerned with structure and mechanics of organizations. But human relation theorists were concerned with the human factors at work. This was undoubtedly the management style adopted by Brenda Hogan. The human relations theory focus is on motivation, group motivation and effective leadership. At the heart of this theory is the relationship between employer and employee. According to the Human relation theory peoples needs are decisive factors in achieving an organisations objectives. Individuals cannot be treated in isolation, but function with group members. Contingency Theories From the late 1950s, a new approach to organisation theory was developed which became known as contingency theory. According to this theory, there is no one best way to structure an organisation. When deciding on how it should be structured, how it should be organized and how it should be managed, an organisation will face a range of choices. Successful organisations adopt appropriate structures in response to a number of variables, or contingencies, which influence both the needs of the organisation and how it works. Theorists in favour of the contingency approach recommend a diagnosis of people/ task/ technology/environment then suggest the development of appropriate solutions (e.g. Pugh).

Stem Cell Research - Embryonic Stem Cells Save Lives :: Persuasive Argumentative Essay Examples

Embryonic Stem Cells Save Lives    Special cells that are taken from human embryos, called embryonic stem cells (ES cells), actually possess the power to save your life. These cells can serve many medical purposes and have the ability to benefit people in infinite ways. The importance of embryonic stem cells rests in their lack of specialization. These basic cells are present in the earliest stages of developing embryos and are able to develop into virtually any type of cell and tissue in the body. Being self-renewing, they offer a potentially limitless source of cells and tissue. (Tucker) The versatility of these unique cells is what makes them so valuable and vital to human existence. They have properties that no other part of the human body can possess. One example of how ES cells could work is Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's is caused by the death of cells in the brain that produce dopamine. Placing ES cells in the dopamine-producing region of the brain could cure Parkinson's. That is just one of the many possible effects that ES cells could have on serious diseases, among other things. The importance of this relatively new discovery, even though not yet realized by everyone, could have already played an important part in the lives of a majority of the people. I am one of those people and can actually relate a personal experience that has made me a strong believer in the importance of ES cells. I am sure that there are many people who have had experiences much like my own who can, by relating back to their own personal experiences, comprehend the significance of ES cells in today's world. But if ES cells can prevent life-threatening diseases and save your life, why is the government banning research on them? The uniqueness of these special cells has caused a huge amount of controversy in not only the medical world, but also in politics and wherever else the topic has been discussed. It is to be expected that there are going to be risks associated with the study and use of ES cells. Some who are opposed to researching ES cells argue that it is wrong to experiment on human embryos because it prevents the possibility for human life to evolve from those embryos. Another major reason ES cells are under so much controversy is because of the possibility that the cells could be used for purposes other than producing cells and tissue to help treat disease, like cloning.

Persuasive speech outline Essay

Believe it or not, according to choices.com, about 3,000,000 teens drop out of high school each year. That’s approximately 7,000 a day. This is not only hurting their success and the amount of money they can earn, but also the economy of the entire United States. Although some people might think every teen should be able to make the decision to drop out or stay in high school themselves, but teens need to realize the consequences that come with dropping out. When you’re is a young teen you may not be thinking about how your decisions can affect your future, without a high school education you cannot attend college, this will make it harder for you to find a high paying job, let alone a job at all. II. Need Step A. When a person is a young adolescent, they’re thinking about now, not the future, and they may regret the decision to drop out later. ââ€" Most of the teenagers that end up dropping out of high school are thinking about how much they don’t want to be at school or how they cannot handle the workload. ââ€" Sometimes teens have actual trouble in school and going to regular high school isn’t the best option, but they still need to get an education somehow, even if its online classes. In other cases, teens just don’t want to go to high school, and that’s their reasoning for dropping out. They aren’t thinking about their future. ââ€" According to State Representative Martha Waltz of Boston, few, if any, 16 year olds have the wisdom and knowledge to understand the lifelong consequences of ending their high school education at 16

Fundamentals of Research Essay

This paper will discuss the connection between scientific methods and research in the human services field. By comparing and contrasting, qualitative and quantitative research as well as the describing steps involved in scientific method is answered using realistic examples that may be used in the human service field. The pros and cons of the mixed methods are identified are relevant in the human service environment. The Scientific Method and Human Services â€Å"A scientific method is described a scientific approach to research and mainly depends on empirical reasoning; which discusses the use of combining logic and the use of careful observation and measurement that is accessible to other researchers† (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008, p. 20). In other words, scientific method is a method to gather information, conduct an experiment, and produce a hypothesis. Researchers use the data from different sources, such as a survey, questionnaire, interview, or polls to formulate hypothesis or an educated guess). Descriptive, relational, and experimental research can be used in the human services field. For example, â€Å"descriptive research consists of researching how things are. Relational researching describes how things are in relation to other things. Experimental research is a combination of descriptive and relational research† (Rosnow & Rosenthal, 2008, p. 20). The hypothesis is a base for discovering who did what and why. For example, researchers in the human services field can use descriptive research to look at the characteristics of an alcoholic teenager. They may also focus on how it may affect the teenager’s relationships with others, behavior, performance in school, and obtaining, and maintaining his or her first job. Scientific methods are valuable assets within the human service and related fields because; the method helps determine new and improved ways to assist a client with his or her crisis. Steps in the Scientific Method The steps included in scientific methods are identifying research, reviewing literature, specifying a purpose for the study, data collection, analyze or  interpret the collection of data, as well as report and evaluate the research (Creswell, 2008). For example, contributing factors in a student’s poor performance in school. Step 1: Identifying the research A student has poor performance in school. Step 2: Reviewing literature. Select and research the statistics have contributing factors that lead to the poor performance in school. Step 3: Specifying the purpose for the study. Student’s poor performance is because of unexpected circumstances. Step 4: Data Collection Approximately 25% of students in school encounter uncontrollable circumstances before and during a course of study. Step 5: Analyzing or interpreting Data Poor performance may be due to financial, mental, emotional, or physical difficulties. Step 6: Report and Evaluate results of Research The research has found that the poor performance before and during a course of study is typically among students who are affected by one or more of the above instances. This occurs in about 100 out of 500 students. Quantitative and Qualitative Research Quantitative researchers decide what is necessary to study by asking specific or constricted questions by the collection of numerical data from participants. For example, the 25% of students display negative affects through some sort of difficulty during at least one course of study. Qualitative research relies on the opinion through answers to general questions during data collection from participants. â€Å"This occurs when researchers describe and analyze these words for premise; and conducts the  inquiry in a subjective, biased manner† (Creswell, 2008, p. 46). The determining factors focus on deciding what type of research to use, such as the type of problem, the audience, and personal experiences. Most students describe the poor performance as frustrating and overwhelming. Some students may begin to cry or lose eye contact during the interviewing process. Methodology â€Å"Methodologies suggest how inquiries are formed by demonstrating problems worth investigating, how to frame a problem, how to develop suitable creation of data collection, and how to make the logical link between them† (Jackson, 2007, p. 23). Combining both forms of data uses quantitative or qualitative data to gain more improved understanding of a research problem than each one separately. Qualitative research data typically comes from field work (Morse, 2005). Collected data is through interviews, direct observation, and written documents. Morse states that data from an interview is the participant’s exact words; relating to his or her experience, opinions, feelings, and knowledge (Morse, 2005). The observation of data is gathered from the behavior of the participant. Some examples of written documents are correspondence, questionnaires, and surveys. Mixed Method Research â€Å"A mixed methods research design is a procedure for collecting, analyzing, and mixing both quantitative and qualitative research and other methods in a single study to understand a research problem† (Creswell, 2008, p. 552). Sometimes qualitative research data is also used during mixed methods (Caracelli & Greene, 1993). To study a larger spectrum, combing multiple methods is feasible. Triangular design, embedded design, explanatory design, and exploratory design are just a few examples of mixed method research. Conclusion When the human service professional uses scientific method, they typically use empirical reasoning to explain the results of data collection.  Scientific research helps human service professionals identify trends and indifferences among clients to enhance the quality of his or her life. The research also suggests methods to suppress the negative outcomes in the lives of the clients and their family. This is done by using qualitative data using numbers and quantitative data collection using personal experiences, surveys, or polls. References Caracelli, V. J., and Greene, J.C.(1993). Data Analysis Strategies for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis. 15(2) Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/ Merrill Prentice Hall. Jackson, R. L., Drummond, D. K., & Camara, S. (2007). What Is Qualitative Research?. Qualitative Research Reports In Communication, 8(1), 21-28. doi: 10.1080/17459430701617879 Morse, J. M. (2005). Qualitative research. In Carl Mitcham (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics (pp. 1557-1559). Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (2008). Beginning behavioral research: A conceptual primer (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.